^^^A Nice Guy Did this SO USE IT (You almost don't even have to read the book)^^^
492 Muslim conquest of Spain
1453 Ottomans conquer Constantinople
1324 Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca
1258 Mongols destroy Baghdad
1099 Crusaders first seize Jerusalem
711-718 Christian re-conquest of Spain
661-750 Umayyad caliphate
650 Quran compiled
570-632 Life of Muhammad
492 Muslim conquest of Spain
1453 Ottomans conquer Constantinople
1324 Mansa Musa pilgrimage to Mecca
1258 Mongols destroy Baghdad
1099 Crusaders first seize Jerusalem
711-718 Christian re-conquest of Spain
661-750 Umayyad caliphate
650 Quran compiled
570-632 Life of Muhammad
- Quran-the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic. The Koran consists of 114 units of varying lengths, known as suras ; the first sura is said as part of the ritual prayer. These touch upon all aspects of human existence, including matters of doctrine, social organization, and legislation.
- Umma-the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion
- Pillars of Islam-the five bases of the Islamic faith: shahada (confession of faith), salat (prayer), zakat (almsgiving), sawm (fasting, especially during the month of Ramadan), and hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca). Also called Pillars of the Faith.
- Sharia-Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists.
- Ulama-a body of Muslim scholars(also known as mullah) recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology.
- Umayyad caliphate-The Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca
- Abbasid caliphate-The Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name.
- Sufism-belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. It consists of a variety of mystical paths that are designed to ascertain the nature of humanity and of God and to facilitate the experience of the presence of divine love and wisdom in the world.
- Sikhism-a monotheistic religion, founded in the Punjab c1500 by the guru Nanak, that refuses to recognize the Hindu caste system or the Brahmanical priesthood and forbids magic, idolatry, and pilgrimages. Sikhism is a belief in one creative being known as Ik Onkar, adherence to the teachings of ten gurus, and allegiance to Sikhism's holy scripture, Guru Granth, the everlasting guru of the Sikhs.
- Ibn Battuta- Ibn Baṭūṭah, or simply Muhammad Ibn Battuta, was an explorer of Berber descent, who is widely recognised as one of the greatest travelers of all time. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla. Read More
- Timbuktu-A city in the country of Mali, which is in Western Africa. Was once a major trade city and centre for Islamic religion in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- Mansa Musa-Mansa Musa, fourteenth century emperor of the Mali Empire, is the medieval African ruler most known to the world outside Africa. His elaborate pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1324 introduced him to rulers in the Middle East and in Europe. His leadership of Mali, a state which stretched across two thousand miles from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake Chad and which included all or parts of the modern nations of Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Chad, ensured decades of peace and prosperity in Western Africa
- Allah-is the Arabic word for God (Usually referred to the god of Islam)
- Muhammad -the prophet believed by Muslims to be the channel for the final unfolding of God's revelation to mankind: popularly regarded as the founder of Islam. He began to teach in Mecca in 610 but persecution forced him to flee with his followers to Medina in 622. After several battles, he conquered Mecca (630), establishing the principles of Islam (embodied in the Koran) over all Arabia
- Ottoman Empire-Called by the Turks Osmanlıs, after the name of the founder of the dynasty Osman I, the Ottomans were Oghuz Turks who came out of Central Asia and created a vast state that ultimately encompassed all of southeastern Europe up to the northern frontiers of Hungary, Anatolia, and the Middle East up to the borders of Iran as well as the Mediterranean coast of North Africa almost to the Atlantic Ocean. As a multiethnic, multi-religious, and multicultural entity, the Ottoman Empire was the last of the great Islamic empires, which emerged in the later Middle Ages and continued its existence until the early twentieth century. Created by a series of conquests carried out between the early fourteenth and late sixteenth centuries by ten successive capable rulers of the Ottoman Turkish dynasty.
- Hajj-the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime
- Jihad- the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin.
- Anatolia- the Asian part of Turkey, occupying the peninsula between the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Aegean: consists of a plateau, largely mountainous, with salt lakes in the interior. Historical name: Asia Minor
- Mecca- Mecca, in a desert valley in western Saudi Arabia, is Islam’s holiest city, as it’s the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the faith itself. Only Muslims are allowed in the city, with millions arriving for the annual Hajj (pilgrimage). Dating from the 7th century, the central Masjid al-Haram (Sacred Mosque) surrounds the Kaaba, the cloth-covered cubic structure that’s Islam’s most sacred shrine.
I. The Birth of a New Religion
A. The Homeland of Islam
1. Tribal feuds and trading centers of the Arabian Peninsula
2. Mecca: home of the Kaaba and the Quraysh
3. Contact with Byzantine and Sassanid Empires
4. Gods, idols, and “children of Abraham”
B. The Messenger and the Message
1. Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570–632)
2. Series of revelations (610–632) become the Quran
3. Revolutionary message of monotheism
4. A return to the religion of Abraham
5. “Seal of the prophets”
6. Revolutionary message of social justice: the Umma
7. Five Pillars of Islam
8. “Greater” and “Lesser” Jihad
C. The Transformation of Arabia
1. Tension in Mecca and the Hijra, 622
2. Building the Umma in Medina
3. War, alliances, and entry into Mecca, 630
4. Most of the Peninsula under a unified Islamic state
5. Fusion of religious and political authority
6. Sharia
II. The Making of an Arab Empire
A. War, Conquest, and Tolerance
1. From the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus River
2. Battle of Talas, 751
3. Economic drive and spreading the faith
4. Dhimmis and the Jizya
B. Conversion
1. Spiritual versus social conversion
2. Slaves, prisoners of war, and merchants
3. Conversion without Arabization: Persia, Turks, and Pakistan
4. Persian influences on Islamic world
C. Divisions and Controversies
1. First Four Caliphs (632–661) and civil war
2. Sunni versus Shia
3. Umayyad (661–750): Damascus
4. Abbasid (750–1258): Baghdad
5. Post–ninth-century sultanates
6. Interpreting and practicing Sharia
7. Sufi
D. Women and Men in Early Islam
1. Women in the Quran, Hadith, and Sharia
2. Restrictions for elite women in the golden age
III. Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison
A. The Case of India
1. Turkic invaders
2. Disillusioned Buddhists and lower-caste Hindus
3. Appeal of Sufi mystics
4. Punjab, Sind, and Bengal
5. Sikhism
B. The Case of Anatolia
1. Turkic invaders
2. 90 percent by 1500
3. Ottoman Empire
C. The Case of West Africa
1. Muslim merchants and scholars
2. Urban centers
3. Little penetration of rural world and popular culture
D. The Case of Spain
1. Arab and Berber invasion of Al-Andalus
2. Cordoba’s golden age
3. Increased intolerance
4. Christian reconquest and expulsion
IV. The World of Islam as a New Civilization
A. Networks of Faith
1. Ulamas and Madrassas
2. Sufi shaykhs and poets
3. The hadj
B. Networks of Exchange
1. Vast hemispheric trading zone
2. Merchants and urban elites
3. Technological exchange and an Islamic “Green Revolution”
4. Mathematics and medicine
V. Reflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our History
A. “Present-mindedness”
B. Islamic glories and Western encroachment
C. Using an Islamic past
D. Diversity of the Islamic world
E. Histories of Tolerance and Conflict
A. The Homeland of Islam
1. Tribal feuds and trading centers of the Arabian Peninsula
2. Mecca: home of the Kaaba and the Quraysh
3. Contact with Byzantine and Sassanid Empires
4. Gods, idols, and “children of Abraham”
B. The Messenger and the Message
1. Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570–632)
2. Series of revelations (610–632) become the Quran
3. Revolutionary message of monotheism
4. A return to the religion of Abraham
5. “Seal of the prophets”
6. Revolutionary message of social justice: the Umma
7. Five Pillars of Islam
8. “Greater” and “Lesser” Jihad
C. The Transformation of Arabia
1. Tension in Mecca and the Hijra, 622
2. Building the Umma in Medina
3. War, alliances, and entry into Mecca, 630
4. Most of the Peninsula under a unified Islamic state
5. Fusion of religious and political authority
6. Sharia
II. The Making of an Arab Empire
A. War, Conquest, and Tolerance
1. From the Iberian Peninsula to the Indus River
2. Battle of Talas, 751
3. Economic drive and spreading the faith
4. Dhimmis and the Jizya
B. Conversion
1. Spiritual versus social conversion
2. Slaves, prisoners of war, and merchants
3. Conversion without Arabization: Persia, Turks, and Pakistan
4. Persian influences on Islamic world
C. Divisions and Controversies
1. First Four Caliphs (632–661) and civil war
2. Sunni versus Shia
3. Umayyad (661–750): Damascus
4. Abbasid (750–1258): Baghdad
5. Post–ninth-century sultanates
6. Interpreting and practicing Sharia
7. Sufi
D. Women and Men in Early Islam
1. Women in the Quran, Hadith, and Sharia
2. Restrictions for elite women in the golden age
III. Islam and Cultural Encounter: A Four-Way Comparison
A. The Case of India
1. Turkic invaders
2. Disillusioned Buddhists and lower-caste Hindus
3. Appeal of Sufi mystics
4. Punjab, Sind, and Bengal
5. Sikhism
B. The Case of Anatolia
1. Turkic invaders
2. 90 percent by 1500
3. Ottoman Empire
C. The Case of West Africa
1. Muslim merchants and scholars
2. Urban centers
3. Little penetration of rural world and popular culture
D. The Case of Spain
1. Arab and Berber invasion of Al-Andalus
2. Cordoba’s golden age
3. Increased intolerance
4. Christian reconquest and expulsion
IV. The World of Islam as a New Civilization
A. Networks of Faith
1. Ulamas and Madrassas
2. Sufi shaykhs and poets
3. The hadj
B. Networks of Exchange
1. Vast hemispheric trading zone
2. Merchants and urban elites
3. Technological exchange and an Islamic “Green Revolution”
4. Mathematics and medicine
V. Reflections: Past and Present: Choosing Our History
A. “Present-mindedness”
B. Islamic glories and Western encroachment
C. Using an Islamic past
D. Diversity of the Islamic world
E. Histories of Tolerance and Conflict