1453 - Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
1469-1539 - Beginning of Sikh tradition
1517 - Beginning of Protestant Reformation
1545-1563 - Council of Trent
1560s - Taki Onqoy movement in Peru
1582-1610 - Matteo Ricci in China
1593- Edict of Nantes proclaiming religious tolerance in France
Early 1600s - European missionaries expelled from Japan
1700s - European Enlightenment
1721 - Christian missionary preaching banned in China
1740-1818 - Wahhabi movement of Islamic reform in Arabia
1469-1539 - Beginning of Sikh tradition
1517 - Beginning of Protestant Reformation
1545-1563 - Council of Trent
1560s - Taki Onqoy movement in Peru
1582-1610 - Matteo Ricci in China
1593- Edict of Nantes proclaiming religious tolerance in France
Early 1600s - European missionaries expelled from Japan
1700s - European Enlightenment
1721 - Christian missionary preaching banned in China
1740-1818 - Wahhabi movement of Islamic reform in Arabia
- Protestant Reformation - a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Its religious aspects were supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power and control at the expense of the Church - A place used for Christian worship
- Catholic Counter Reformation - he period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
- European Enlightenment - an intellectual and scientific movement of 18th century Europe which was characterized by a rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues.
- Wahhabi Islam - a follower of ʿAbd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), who stringently opposed all practices not sanctioned by the Koran. The Wahhabis, founded in the 18th century, are the most conservative Muslim group and are today found mainly in Saudi Arabia.
- Scientific Revolution - The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.
- Martin Luther - A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-five Theses, which attacked the church for allowing the sale of indulgences.
- Kaozheng - a school and approach to study and research in China from about 1600 to 1850. It was most prominent during the rule of Qianlong and Jiaqing Emperors of the Qing dynasty
- Voltaire - French writer, dramatist, and poet; pseudonym of François-Marie Arouet. He was a leading figure of the Enlightenment, and frequently came into conflict with the Establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings.
- Newton,Galileo - English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion, Italian mathematician and astronomer. Galileo constructed a telescope (1609) with which he discovered the moons of Jupiter and made other astronomical observations.He strongly advocated Copernicus's theory that the earth moves around the sun, which led to his interrogation by the Inquisition (1633) and a life sentence of house arrest.
- Sikhism - Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.
- Bhakti, Mirabai - devotional worship directed to one supreme deity, usually Vishnu (especially in his incarnations as Rama and Krishna) or Shiva, by whose grace salvation may be attained by all regardless of sex, caste, or class. It is practiced by the majority of Hindus today., Meera, also known as Mira Bai, was a 16th century Hindu mystic poet and devotee of Krishna. She is celebrated as a poet and has been claimed by the North Indian Hindu tradition of Bhakti saints.
- Condorcet and the idea of progress - Condorcet's Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit (1795) was perhaps the most influential formulation of the idea of progress ever written. It made the Idea of Progress a central concern of Enlightenment thought.
Chapter 15: Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science, 1450–1750
I. The Globalization of Christianity
A. Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
1. Martin Luther
2. The power of the written word
3. Wars of Religion
4. Counter-Reformation
B. Christianity Outward Bound
1. “In search of Christians and spices”
2. Missionaries and pilgrims
C. Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
1. Conquest and Conversion
2. Resistance and Revival
3. Gender in a changing culture
4. Syncretism: Huacas and Saints
D. An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
1. Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) prosperity
2. Matteo Ricci and the Chinese elite
3. Emperor Kangxi versus the Pope
II. Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
A. Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
1. Sufi mystics, Koranic scholars, and Muslim merchants
2. Syncretism and diversity in South and Southeast Asia
3. Aurangzeb and Wahhabi Islam
B. China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
1. Neo-Confucianism
2. Kaozheng
3. Urban popular culture: The Dream of the Red Chamber
C. India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
1. Bhakti
2. Mirbai (1498–1547)
3. Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and Sikhism
III. A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
A. The Question of Origins: Why Europe?
1. Autonomous universities
2. Madrassas and Confucian learning
3. Knowledge from other cultures
B. Science as Cultural Revolution
1. Ptolemy’s universe
2. Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
3. Isaac Newton
4. Accommodating faith and tradition with science
C. Science and Enlightenment
1. Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, John Locke, and Voltaire
2. The persistence of gender inequality
3. Deism, Pantheism, and religious revivalism
D. Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century
1. Charles Darwin
2. Karl Marx
3. Sigmund Freud
E. European Science beyond the West
1. Diffusion of technology but not scientific thinking
2. China & Japan
3. The Ottoman Empire
F. Impact on Siberians
IV. Reflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards
A. Early modern ideas today
B. Religious borrowing
C. Conflict and accommodation in cultural borrowing
I. The Globalization of Christianity
A. Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
1. Martin Luther
2. The power of the written word
3. Wars of Religion
4. Counter-Reformation
B. Christianity Outward Bound
1. “In search of Christians and spices”
2. Missionaries and pilgrims
C. Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
1. Conquest and Conversion
2. Resistance and Revival
3. Gender in a changing culture
4. Syncretism: Huacas and Saints
D. An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
1. Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) prosperity
2. Matteo Ricci and the Chinese elite
3. Emperor Kangxi versus the Pope
II. Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
A. Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
1. Sufi mystics, Koranic scholars, and Muslim merchants
2. Syncretism and diversity in South and Southeast Asia
3. Aurangzeb and Wahhabi Islam
B. China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
1. Neo-Confucianism
2. Kaozheng
3. Urban popular culture: The Dream of the Red Chamber
C. India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
1. Bhakti
2. Mirbai (1498–1547)
3. Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and Sikhism
III. A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
A. The Question of Origins: Why Europe?
1. Autonomous universities
2. Madrassas and Confucian learning
3. Knowledge from other cultures
B. Science as Cultural Revolution
1. Ptolemy’s universe
2. Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
3. Isaac Newton
4. Accommodating faith and tradition with science
C. Science and Enlightenment
1. Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, John Locke, and Voltaire
2. The persistence of gender inequality
3. Deism, Pantheism, and religious revivalism
D. Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century
1. Charles Darwin
2. Karl Marx
3. Sigmund Freud
E. European Science beyond the West
1. Diffusion of technology but not scientific thinking
2. China & Japan
3. The Ottoman Empire
F. Impact on Siberians
IV. Reflections: Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards
A. Early modern ideas today
B. Religious borrowing
C. Conflict and accommodation in cultural borrowing