Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E.
Locating world history in the environment and time
Describe how geography and climate interacted with the development of human society.
Pceople will live where there is access to water, a moderate climate But humans can live in most environments. It’s best if the climate isnt extreme but just moderate. Fertile, flate, growable land, with movable topography. Access to water, for trade, water (duh) and travel. Natural resources. People must adapt ot the resources which shape societies.
What marks the beginning of this time period and the end?
10000 BCE: Marks “new stone ae” (wheat and barley)
600CE civilizations began to interact
Development of agriculture and technology
Basic economic units describe
- Agricultural
- The cultivation of plants. - the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
- Pastoral
- (especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle. Domestication of animals.
- Foraging society
- Hunthing and gathering societies.
- Demographic characteristics
- more civilized people, class divisions. Less gender inequality(very old), greater trade
- Nature of village settlements
- House of mud bricks + timber frameworks, bad roofs, religous, produced almost all of what they consumed. Little trade.
- Impact of agriculture on environment
- Cleared forests, depletes soil, desertification, droughts
- Stages of metal use
- copper at first, bronze(3000 BCE) no more stone tools, metal tools helped agricultural or herding societies, metal weapons (some more stuff that’ll get to changing)
Civilizations
Define-general characteristics
Practice of agriculture, permanent settlements, social hiearchies.
Identify basic features: culture, state, and social structure of the following:
Define-general characteristics
Practice of agriculture, permanent settlements, social hiearchies.
Identify basic features: culture, state, and social structure of the following:
- Mesopotamia
- Closely related to Egyptian civilization, developed from scratch, Hammurabi’s code, court system, founded astronomy, city states
- Egypt
- Like Mesopotomia, less open to invasion, Pharoh possed ultimate power unifies through most of history complex irrigation along nile.
Classical Civilizations
Major political, social, economic, cultural, arts, sciences, and technological developments for the following:
Major Belief Systems prior to 600 C.E.
Note basic features, where applied, similarities, effects on social hierarchy, differences, role of women
Collapse of Empires - Why and how?
Han China
Peasant Revolt and fall 220 CE, Central government control diminished, corrupt beaureacreats, peasnat burdened with axes and demands of service, social unrest, epidemics
Western portion or the Roman Empire
Political ineffectiveness, spread of epiemics, difficulties in recruiting effective armies, tax collection difficult, weak emperors, disputes over succession, growing intenational trade brought disease, cultureal life decayed, no interest in luxurier collapsed in 476
Gupta
Fell to Huns in 535 CE, invasions, ability of empereors to control local princes declines
Movements of Peoples/ Migrations
Huns
Moved through Asia taking over Asian/CHinese classsical civilizations. Contributed to fall of China/India/Rome
Germanic tribes(Vikings)
Harrassed by the Huns. Caused the fall of the Roman Empire
Locate interregional trade and religious networks
Silk Road: China <-> india <-> Rome
Christianity -> ME_>Europe-> Africa
Islam->Me->Africa
Buddhism->India->China
Major Comparisons – Know, Understand, be able to Explain
Period 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450
Periodization
Why 600?
Collapse of Roman Empire, end of mediterranean unity, decline of classical empires in Asia
Why 1450?
Invasions from central Asia, beginning of western Europe’s explorations, Mongol Invasions, collapse of Arab caliphate and byzantine, decline of Islamic imperial system
Continuities & breaks with the period
expanding influence of Arabs and Islam; Spread of civilization to additional regions of the world; widespread shift in basic belief system from Polytheism to several great world religons; development of world network
Islamic World
Geography and stages of expansion
Spread across sub saharan Africa, ME. N Africa, W CHina INdia spread by Arabs, Arab commitee spread across the Indian Ocean to hit western Pacific, Doen the east coast of Africa, and across the Sahara
Impact on the Sudanese kingdoms
Reinforced indigenous ideas of kingshop, supported Islam by building Mosques attending public prayers and supporting preaches, ruling families used islamic titles, Islam fused with traditions and beliefs, freedom of women, slavery
Impact on East Africa
Compromise between indigenous ways and the new faith, promoted long distance commerce, facilitated religous bond of trust and law that faclitated trade througout ports of the Indian Ocean, built mosques and palaces, majority of population kept previous beliefs and culture, family lineage traces through material and paternal line
Impact in India/ SE Asia
fighting between Hindu And Muslim Lords, peaceful converts, other reliogns had to pay special taxes, most local officials and notables retained postition, Arabs lived in cities or special Garrison towns, remained Hinduy and Buddhist, Women married off earlier,widows burned, traded with Muslim merchants, in SE Asia women had stringer roles
Islamic political structures (caliphate)
Caliph: Succession to prohphet, no seperate political and religous authority egalitarian, highly developed legal code
Impact on arts, sciences, technologies
No human depiction, correction to algebraic and geometric theories of the Greece, great advances in trignometry, best hospitals, astronomical instruments, improved devices such as the the astrolabe and armilary sphere, reorganized constellation introduced basic machines and techniques, bets maps, creation of objective experiment and classifying aminlas vegetables, and minerals
Interregional networks and contacts-Development, shift, technology and cultural exchange
Trans-Sahara trade
Resulted mainly from Arab commerce and Muslims traders. Also from Indian merchants, chinese exchange with other parts of Asia. Mostly used for African merchants. Civilizations diffused ideas, redifined boundaries, knowledge of paper from china discovered.
Indian Ocean trade
Stretvhed from east asia to south china, expanded dramaticall, europeans bought goods from Asia, spread of disease increased as well (black death), invention of compass: sail accelerated ocean trade
Silk routes
Chinese trade with everyone else, paper production made common through these routes, explosive powder brought to Muslim armies, fighting on chinese border, linked Europe to Asia, Ran from Asia to mesopotomia in the Last Millenium pastoral nomads critical in expanding trade
Missionary outreach
Led by christian churches, buddhist Monks/Monastaries, and muslim church officials, missionaries helped countries(russia) choose an official religion(like christianity), muslim converts not seen as equal to Arab converts, Islamic missionaries outreached greatly influence Asia, SUH Muslims mainly spreaded Islam peacefully across ASia while tolerating other beliefs
Contacts between major religions
Some religions (buddhism) were changed to fit ideas of a country, like China, Until spread of Christianity in 10th Century. No world religions
Spread of Christianity
Russia moved towards Christianity because of Byzatnitine influence and missionaries, Christianity brought europeans together under church power
Spread of Islam
Into India from ME; Founded in Mecca by Mohammed. Spread from Arabian Peninsula, became major world religion until 16th century. Muslim empire ranged from Spain to Asia(persia, Greece, Egypt) SPread to tribal kingdoms of N Africa because of Muslim Traders, wandering mystics, warrirors and sufi missionaries
Impact of the Mongol empires
central Asian nomads, destroyed Turkish-Persian kingdoms, captured Baghda in 1258. Killed last abbassid caliph, created Mongol empire in China for sometime, continued by Genghis Khan, mongol assault on Islamic empire in China, which carried on for sometime (Genghis Khan) but ended when defeated by Mameluks(Turkish slaves), Baghdad never recovered from Mongol attacks
China’s internal and external expansion
Tang and Song economic revolution
Tang dynasty(618-906) was very strong, song invented gunpowder as well as compass, tributary systemd payed by land, taken over by, port of Canton was one of the world’s busiets trading centers. song had steady population growth and urbanization
early Ming initiatives
Zhu Yuanzhang (emperor in 1368) and song yongale (1403-1424) repaired damage done to the country in thte 1300s; drove away mongol warlord, very striog navy and army. Zheng he expanded the trade and influenced exponentialy
Chinese influence Korea, Japan, Vietnam
Tang dynasty influenced korea as in expanded. Chan was a new form of buddhism that emerged in China; Ming formed alliances with Vietnam and Korea
Developments in Europe
Restructuring economic, political, and social institutions
Known as Middle Ages; 500-900 CE Europe suffered; Manoriaism; Charlemagne established empires in France/Germany and restored church based education and intellectually activity grew; Regional monarchies emerged; agricultural tips from east improved economy population growth; feudalism; banking introduce
Division of Christianity into eastern and western
Diocletan (emperor from 284-305) made second capital to try to control the empire more constantinople, also christianity spread quickly this way; Because the empire was so massive attempts to regulate the economy reduced economic initiative and slowed production; ultimately tax revenues declined, army deterioted, peasant revolts. Germanic invaders deisplaced last roman emperor in 476 CE
The Americas - social, political, economic, cultural patterns
Maya
Emerged arounf 250 CE in present day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize and southern MExico, city states @ peak, Mayan population was 3 million; Polytheistic including human sacrifice (partially taken from Olmecs); Invented intricate heiroglyphs. (Mayan Calendar)
Inca
1300-1536; Expanded territory to 3000 miles (Chile-Ecuador) & Pacifc to upper Amazon; 1300 miles of roads fro trsnport and communication capital = cuzco with Fortress manchu pichu; River was the Great Inca, direct eue contact was punishable by death, said to be dedcended by the Sun Gods. Spanish Conquest ended Inca Civilization
Aztec
1300-1520; Tenochitlan was main city and center of empire with big population. 1300 conquered over 125000 sq miles and ruled over 10 million people; More war-like than the toltecs before them; Polytheist, most important was the Sun God whom they sacrificed over 20000 people a year. Axtecs remained in control until Spanish Conquest
Demographic and environmental changes - Migrations and impact
Aztecs
Most massice of Latin American civilizations (area + pop) Migrations all occurred from center point of Teutihuanian; completely wiped out w/ coming of spanish conquest
Mongols
Conquests egan in 1211; siezed Beijing, Silk trading center at samarkan, present day Mongolia, central asia, N+W china, large armies, miltiary technologies, etc; Second conquest gained More of china, Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romaina, Hungary, Failes to conquer Germany Poland
Turks
Seluk in 11th Century; captured Baghdad in 1055; took most of Asia Minor, syria, Lebanon and palestine; crippled Byzatine, turkish victories helped prompt European christians to begin 1095 crusades; ottoman 1300s and 1400 hegemony over ME; Young Turks decisive role in ending the sultans rule; changed ottoman into Modern turkish states
Vikings
Important factor that helped development of earky mediveal european nations; one of the few who could navigate open Ocean -> traveled far and wide; raided and conquered land thorughout the coast of Europe( Far south as Mediterrean, colonized ireland and greenland) Trade routes through Scandinavia to Byzantium through Russia
Arabs
Spread Islam and technologies; Opened Africa to the rest of the World
Bantu
1000 BCE began migrating throughout Africa, Biggest role in Shaping the regions cultural ethinc and linguistic character; Spread knowledge of agriculture and iron working to east and south africa; transformed low populated areas into densely populated areas
Europeans to east/central Europe
expansions of empire (Byzantine and roman) more land=more power; roman empire collapsed because of too much expansion
Consequences of plagues in 14th century
⅓ of world of population wiped out; mass chaos; jews blames scientific discoveries
Growth and role of cities
helped urbanize and industralize; Major migration; Diseases poverty
Major Comparisons – Know, Understand, be able to Explain
Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750
PERIODIZATION
Significance of 1450:
European countries began new explorations and new colonization efforts; formation of ottoman empire; Mughal and Ming empires emergence of Russia
Prince Henry of Navigator
Prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along africa coast
Christopher Columbus
Service of castile and argon; successfully sailed to “newworld” in 1942
Vasco da Gama
first reached india in 1497; established early porteguese dominace in Indian Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan
Initiated first circumnavigation of the Gloe in 1519; died on voyage; allowed spain to claim phillipines
James Cook
made voyages to hawaii from 1777 to 1779 recruiting to opening of islands to the west
1453- Fall of byzatine Empire/ Ottoman succesful siege of Constantinople
Significance of 1750: Forces that produced Europes industrial revolution began to take shape (rapid Pop growth) Expansion of manufacturing and surge of new inventions ; seven years war; first global
Continuities and Breaks:
Ex. Reformation
power away from Rome, Christianity divided, Martin Luther + 95 theses
Ex. Neo-Confucianism
Revival of confuciasm in tang dynasty, new academics, impressive libraries established, new schools of philopsophy, ling texts were found and recover
Causes of Changes from the Previous Period:
development of world religions, balance of power among major civilizations shifted, growth of commerce
Causes of Changes within this period
development of world religions, balance of power among major cvilization shifted, growth of commerce
CHANGE
Global interactions
balance of power among many civilizations shifted; Europe became most dynamic force worldwide contacts between civilization intesified-internation trade affected diverse societies- speed and range of sailing. America brought into contact with other cultures for the first time
Trade (Triangular Trade, the Middle Passage, Indian ocean trade network)
Triangular: Slaves to Americas, Sugar, Tobacco, etc. to Europe; European goods to Africa begin Again
Middle Passage: Deadly slave trade (over 113 mil died) Did not strip culture of the Slaves; they retained language beliefs
Indian Ocean: Handicraft manufacture; Arab and chinese and Indian Zones; India-Cotton textiles; China-Paper; porcelain, Silk’ Japan+SE Asia-Raw Materials(Spices) goes to ME and Africa
Technology
West Europe learned of the compass, trangular sail and guns form China; Printing press; faster ships
KNOWLEDGE OF MAJOR EMPIRES AND OTHER POLITICAL UNITS AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS (include gender roles), Europe (include absolutism)
Portugal
expanded to varuous parts of the world for colonization; feudalistic
Spain
Philip II son of charles failed to conquer england in 1588; But under Philip II so was the most powerful in Europe; benefited from colonial exploaration of Americas
Russia
Ivan III(threw off mongol rule + united Ruddia under Moscow government) Ivan IV “terrible” extreme violnce to control the noble class; peter the great
France
Louis XI (conquered Burgundy); Henry IV (Ended France’s religious wars and granted protestants the right to worship)
England
Henry VIII (FOunder of Anglican church and booster of English Naval Power) ELizabeth I made anglicanism offical church, encoraged exploration, repelled Spanish Armada in 1588, supported Renaissance figures like shakespeare
Middle East
Ottoman
Absolute monarch(sultan); distant from their subjects; vague principles of succession
India
Mughal
Women had many rights and a high position; architecture (blend of persian/ Hindu traditions) Fine arts; are very important
East Asia
Tokugawa Japan
Politically organized into a feudalistic hiearchy emperor -> shogun -> Diamyo -> sumori; power based on military; lasted until 1867; ban at western culture including books and christianity
Ming China
Most agressive; mightiest indians, conquered citizens must pay tribute to overlord and city-states; part of triple alliance; militant motivated by religous zeal, subject peoples forced to do service for lords
New World
Aztec
Most agressive; mightiest indians canquered citizens must pay tribute to overlord and city-states; part of triple-alliance; militant motivated by religous zeal, subject peopole forced to do service for lords
Inca
Subject peoples assimilated into culture; split inheritance; made expansion constantly necessary; city-states and tribute; highly centralized, integrated many various ethnic orders
Africa (know one of the following)
Congo, Benin, Oyo, Songhay
Formed on lower congo river, flourished by late 18th century; firm agricultural base; people developed skills of weaving, pottery, wood, iron; sharp labor division between men and women; played into gender notes; small family based villages; hereditary kingships, non-heriditary cheifs; confederation of small states under king; divided into eight major provinces.
SLAVE SYSTEMS AND SLAVE TRADE
The Middle Passage = slave trade, see middle passage for more information; slaves were brought mainly to work on plantations for sugar, rice, cotton, and tobacco production; slaves wed in mine systems in Brazil and Mexico; Come middle of the 17 century, black; outnumbered the number of spanish colonists in South America and Latin America. In short, there was pretty much no task that slaves did not perform, although most of them were agricultural workers; slaves also traded in the triangular trade system which went from europe to africa to america to europe and so on
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIORMENTAL CHANGES
Diseases, animals, new crops and comparative population trends
Populations increased worldwide as did the introduction of animals and crops and diseases to different parts of the world. Native American got horses from Spain. The Spanish, in turn learned how to grow corn and other crops from the Indians, Also, the Indians wre introduced to new european diseases that killed a lot of the Indian Population off.
CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS
Scientific Revolution
1600-1700s revitalized ancient concept of the scientific methos. Gailileo confirmed and popularized copernicus theory of stuff ran a foul from catholic church, states of matter, light consists of wave particles, living creatures made of cells, vaccum, science of statistics, instruments, Issac Newton, laws of motion, calculus, gravity, principles = most important math work
Enlightenment
Intelectual movement centered in France durign the 18th Century; featuring scientific advances. also applying scientific methods to study or human society, belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
Neo-Confucianism (Tokugawa Japan/ Ming / Qing China)
Spain:Gain among ruling elite at expense of Buddhism, taught in schools, ideology, revival of indigenous culture emphasis on history
Ming: very influential, proposed draconian measures to surpress challenges to the increasingly rigid social roles, always follow teacher orders which could be punishable by death, women driven to underground activities, need for competent government and administrators
Changes and continuities in Confucianism
forced western influence in China; Neo-Confucianism wanted to go back to teh way things were done in ancient times rather than to wester nice; always based on ethical codes; neoconfuciansim brought into schools
Major developments and exchanges in the arts
Mughal
Taj Mahal; fusion of islamic and hindu styles; emperor abur wrote a history of India; expanded painting workshops; audience hall
Renaissance
humanism: interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individual urbanization; arts and letter secularized; many famous rennaisance guys; nija turtle people and shakespeare all that good stuff
DIVERSE INTERPRETATIONS
What are the debates about the timing and extent of European predominance in the world economy?
Disadvantages: Ignorant of wider world, viking adventures from Slandivavia had crossed the Atlantic reaching Greenland and North America, believed Earth was flat
Problems: fear of the strength of emerging Ottoman EMpire, Lack of gold to pay for Asian Imports
How does the world economic system of this period compare with the world economic network of the previous period?
New naval tech. Intesifies network, European instead of Muslims dominated trade, AMericas included in GLobal exchanges for the first time
MAJOR COMPARISONS
Imperial systems
The largest and most widespread set of colonial possesions was Britaons; The British are the most enlighted approach, took colonies by force, exploited them economically, racial superiority, intefered little with local customs; French “mission civilsatire” introducing consistent than British; Belgians and Porteguese known to be esp. harsh and cruel in Afric. Germany + Italy also brutal, later used poison gas in conquering parts of north africa
coercive labor systems
a system where the workers were forced to work based on threats, pressure, or intimidation.This was used to make them work.
Comparative knowledge of empire
Mughal made in 1520s when invaders from the north destroyed the Delhi sultanate, survived into mid 1700s. Ottoman- Grandest and most nfluential of the Islamic States, Longest lasting, sovereign was teh sultan, mighty conquest state; safavid- lacked ports and no navy. Roman- First emperor was Octavian. Big split east and west. Byzantine- Eastern roman empire after west fell, capital at constantinople,, glorious center of arts and culture. Preserver christianity in E. Europe and the middle east
Russia’s interaction with the West and the interaction of one of the following:
Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India)
West didn’t want to copy the west but they wanted to incorporate some of the successful western ideas into Russian Culture; most east europe abolished serfdom in exampe of Russia’s Movement 1848; Russia was more agricultural longer
China- Silk roads after 1905 Russia became actively involved in China; development of trans-siberian railroad encouraged Russia to incorporate some Northern portions of ManChuva; Obtained long-term leases of Chinese territtories in 1890s with west
Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900
PERIODIZATION Why 1750? Why 1900?
1750- rise of western domination and industraliaztion
1914- Beginnign of WWI
Causes of change from the previous period:
1750-1914, the world entered the Modern age. This was led by the western mations, in politics, there is a change from traditional monarchy to better means of political representation in econmics, mechanization and industralization became for ces. In society, social classes blend together more and old aristocracies gradually fade away. In a culture, a scientifc, more secular becomes more dominant, in arts and letters, styles changes more rapidly and radically than ever before
Causes of change within the period:
During the 1750-1914 period, the world entered the modern age. It was led by the western nations, Industralization, urbanization, and a new working class
CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE, COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The industrial revolution was going on during this time after the success of the steam engine and the mining and textile industries. Steamships (1807) and railroads (1820s) contributed to technology, transportation, and communication. Massive population growth and urbanization all over the world. Child Labor was common. telegram sped up communication, Interchangable parts invented by Eli Whitney and Samuel colt. Women in eperate workplace. Women somewhat seperated from Men in the Workplace. World Trade rapidly increased with steamships and industralization. The world basically connected a whole lot more and was able to interact freely with other countries
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: 1750
Causes in Great Britain
Started w/ steam engine in 1780, created factory working for workers; started as textile factories in Britain
Compare causes and early phases of the industrial revolution in Western Europe & Japan:
SIMILARITIES:
Reforms similar; railroads; taxes increased; urbanization; emerging working class
DIFFERENCES:
had to catch up with industralization, Japan was later; western has autonomy;; reforms came later
Meiji Restoration, 1868
New emperor called meji: the enlighted ore samurai leaders took down government; shocking enough to allow changes in japan political structure; abolished feudalism and samurai (not the actual people)
Industrial Revolution: Differential timing in different societies:
China a Japan were more isolated therfore it came later; britain awas first because it was integrated into the world economy
Mutual relationship of industrialization and scientific developments:
Steam Engine (Jame Watt) started industralization; interchangable parts; factories (textile 1780) electricity, inform of a telegraph. 1837 brought communication; indoor plumbing, canned foos, sewing machine, urban sewage systems, medical advances (vaccination, germ theory, antisepsis, maintaining, clean environment) Chemical industries took off during late 1800s; internal combustion engine-> automobiles
Commonalities
decrease in living conditions; urbanization; more women in the workplace; emerging working class
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIORMENTAL CHANGES
Migrations:
More people living in Urban Areas bc of Job availability; New ones had to be made
End of the Atlantic slave trade:
Change in 1800 in Africa, gradual ending of the Atlantic Slave trade; Its demise resulted from economic and the fact that it was becoming too expensive to obtain slaves, western countries began to abolish slavery
New birthrate patterns:
More people living bc of greate agricultural effciency and medical advances; more babies ;)
Changes in food supply:
More urbanization led to over population and lack of food; after black plague plenty of food decrease in amt of farmlands because taken over by Mining areas
CHANGES IN SOCIAL AND GENDER STRUCTURE
Industrial Revolution:
population growth, class diversification, urbanization; happened at same time as american and french revolution; traditional aristocracy wealth was diminished, middle class benefitted: gave birth to working class; laws and measured gave relief to working class; spread of ideas
Commercial and demographic development:
Price inflation started it (massive import of gold and silver) ; colonial markets stimulated manufacturing; witchcraft persecution; agricultural speciality area prosperity increased even for ordinary people; created proletariat (people without access to wealth-providing prosperity increased) Population growth and rising food prices; peasant outrage for protection against poverty
Emancipation of serfs/slaves:
Alexander II emanipated serfs in 1861 wanted change after crimean war would improve mobile labor force and industralization 1789- west europe abolished slavery
Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender:
women were suppossed to be housewives; in stone age. Women = gathered, maintain home, tended children, men = hunted, made war, heavy labor: woman’s sufferage in WWI 1917-1920 = women gain vote in most western nations; Aftr WWI, WOmen Labor decreased-men considered it “wrong” for women to work when men could Marxist: gender equality soviets: gender equality with inperfections: italy, Germany, and Japan
POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
United States:
Rebellion of English American Colonies along Atlantic seaboard 1775 and 1783 resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA; caused by unfair taxation (stamp act 1678) significant aid from french government; new constitutional structure (1789) based on Enlightenment principles
France: 1789/ know Jacobins
Most clearly set in motion the political restructuring of western Europe; 1789 and 1800 resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of french empire under napolean Bonaparte; SOurce of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe; Leader of radical phase was maximillen robespierre; guillotuine invented; persecution king of 1792; Civic religion: cult of supreme being
Haiti:
Slave rebellion led by Toussaint l overture result of teh French Revolution gained independence in 1804
Mexico 1911
Diaz is esentially abdicator; Madero tried to promte reforms but Diaz stopped promotion started by corrupt political system and failing economy
China 1911
Chenese resistance to chinese reliance of western power; cast emeperor of china. Confu. system last importance
Latin America: Similarities and differences
Similarities - All wanted econ growth. equality and poltical stability, none were actually able to acheive this goal
Difference- Mexico and cuba were successful and were examples to rest of latin America
Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present
Rise of nationalism, nation-states, and movements of political reform
Rise of democracy and its limitations: reform, women, racism
Western imperialism lead to increase in nationalism in colonies and colonizers leading to revolution; enlightment ideas an increasing nationalism led to the rise of democracy women gain power when industrailzation; racism increases
Overlaps between nations and empires
nations fought over the Land vs the cultural anchors
RISE OF WESTERN DOMINANCE
Economic:
Opium wars - China’s balance of trade reversed neocoloniailism; trade: West greater than China
Social: We influnece theh dealings with other countries
Cultural & Artistic: We steal culture lolz
Patterns of Expansion: Imperialism and Colonialism / SCRAMBLE for AFRICA
Causes/motives/ Examples
Most intense example of european imperialism. Atlantic slave trade ended capletely in 1888 allowing Africa to become more suceptable to eurpoean imperialism. Until about 1910 all of Europe fought over who got what chinck of Africa. The berlin confrence by otto von Biskamrk kept peace for a short while but competition sparked the Boer war. African tribes all fell to european rule and conquest. By 1914 only two free nations remaineed in Africa: Liberia and Ethiopia which arm ed itself and drove off the italian before they conqured it.
Cultural and Political reactions to imperialism and colonialism
Imperialism - During the scramvle for Africa, in European politics the Berlin Conference occured to try and keep the peace. Which failed. The African tribes all felt very hopeless and they knew that this eurpean imperialism speeled disaster for them. Imperialism was bad for everyone becuase it caused wars and oppression many peoples who could not fight back to fight off those who were trying to conquer them. Japan resisted western imperialism.
Colonialism - Basically ended at this time: after the scramble for Africa. Nations developed on their own and began to develop their own own culture and political structures.
DEBATES:
What is the utility of modernization as a framework for interpreting events in this time period?
More industrialized, urban and modern society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional
Causes of serf and slave emancipation in this period?
Crimean war made it obvious that reforms were needed ; russia could develop a more vigourous and mobile labor and industralize id status of serfs change neither slavery nor serfdom suffered econmic needs of a society seeking independant postition is western dominated world trade
Nature of women’s roles in this period: industrialized areas v. colonial societies.
Industralized
- Wives = homemakers
Domestic sphere for women
domestic service
agricultural work
most women werent married
1800s women became desperate and worked in factories, mines, markets and farms
laws restricted
Colonial Societies
women of lower and middle class worked with men on farms or in family buisness
mother hood and homemaking not full time pursuits
COMPARISONS
Causes and early phases of the industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan
Europe-causes rapid population growth, expansion of manufacturing, surge of new inventions , intellectual ferment running high, enlightment thinkers challenge regimes which didnt grant religous freedom, free thinkers
Japan- Private enterprise new army, new government, banks funded growing trade and produced capital for industry, state built railroads spread, new methods raised agricultural output, growing cities, govt. initiative.
Compare two of the following Haitian, American, French, Mexican, or Chinese Revolution
American DIO taxation without rep.
led by upper class
1765 war for independence
former colony becomes soverign nation
Both
Taxation caused both
Declasration of rights
Inspired by enlightenment
French
Social revolution
reight of terror
Insuffciet taxation
led by middle class
Declaration of rights
Compare reaction to foreign domination in : the Ottoman Empire, China, India, and Japan
ottoman-Tanzimat reforms 1839-1876 university education; reformed to matchwest training in the european sciences and math
China was at apex of pwer for long period of time high intak eof silver British used opium to weaken chinese opiu war last war britain,
India-Battle of Plassey in 1757 screwed india for britain, regional fought british but fialed due to Musunity soo became major part of britain
Japan-After WWII military leaders presides over Japan to help rebuild Japan from destruction form the war
Compare forms of western intervention in Latin America and in Africa
Latin America
Britain supportes LA independence + provided needed protection Britain provided needed protection. Briatain profited by protecting new nations; britain becomes major consumer of LA goods. Britain repaces spain as a dominatn economic force
Africa
Lots of colonization by western nations little care for pre-existing borders attempts at helping in industralization
Compare conditions of women in the upper/middle classes with peasantry/working class in Western Europe
Upper middle
Consumer products such as sewing machines richy
Peasantry more opputunity to work than those in middle and upper classes
Comparative Nationalism: China and Japan, Cuba and the Philippines, Egypt and Nigeria
China-Nationalist Communist Alliance (1927) Japanese
IDK you do this one
- Indus
- river-valley civilization, urban civilization, several large cities running water houses raids by Europeans, resulted in destruction of culture, trading contract with mesopotamia.
- Shang
- Developed in isolation, godlike kings, organized state that carefully, regulated irrigation advanced technology, eleaborate intellectual life, skilled in pottery horse riding, astronomy
- Mesoamerica and Andean South America
- Somewhat isolated from the rest of the civilizations. Entirely seperate from old world societies, built on earlier precedents.
Classical Civilizations
Major political, social, economic, cultural, arts, sciences, and technological developments for the following:
- China
- Political
- Power of emperor, development of bureacracy expanisvism of state function, uniform tax system, single law code, centralized, legalism
- Economic
- Extensive internal trade, traded luxury iteams, food exchange, iron mining, textiles, water powered mills
- Cultural
- ancestor worship, confucian, daoism, harmonious, earthly lifestyle, personal virtue, 5 classes,
- Art
- decorative detailed, artful pottery and metallurgy, chinese symbols, carved jade
- Sciences
- Poetry
- Astronomy
- Seismograph
- mathmatics
- Acoustics
- Technology
- Blends with sciences
- Political
- India
- Political
- Regionalism, diversity in political forms, autocratic kings and emperors, aristocratic assemblies in some regional states, unifrom law coded spread by guptas, little formal political theory
- Economic
- Interanl and maritime trade, best steel in the world, invented new uses for chemistry, iron making, advnaced textiles, first to manufacture cotton cloth, calico, and cahmere, done by artisans, guilds, merchants were high in caste, agricultural
- Cultural
- Hinduism, Buddhism, dharma, karma, tales of gods, shrines, temples, statues
- Arts
- Sculptures, Shrines, temples
- Sciences
- Astrology, chemistry
- Technology
- Mathematical developments, Length of Solar Year, Medicine, Numbering System, Manufacturing
- Political
- Mediterranean
- Political
- Greece
- City States governed, inaliable rights bestowed tot the citizens, active miltiary, local autonomy, oligarchy, tyrants, athens = democracy
- Rome
- Must be citizen, used assemblies, republic turn empire, Powerful senate, diverse Political froms, aristocracy,
- Greece
- Economic
- Greece
- Agriculture, trade, slavery, olive + Grapes produced, wine, silver, olive oil, products traded for grain, merchants had high status, bella cruse (hostile) colonies practicing warfare.
- Rome
- Grain Production
- Greece
- Cultural
- Greece
- Polytheistic, strong beliefs in gods, religion of salvation
- Rome
- Pagan gods also
- Greece
- Arts
- Greece
- idealistic style, greater interest in drama and comedy, ceramics, Ornate archetiture.
- Rome
- Realistic style, architectual diversity
- Greece
- Sciences
- Greece & Rome
- Studying a lot of stuff
- Greece & Rome
- Technology
- Greece
- A lot of incorrect Scientific Discoveries
- Rome
- Engineering, aquadects, domed, arcitectural diversity
- Greece
- Political
Major Belief Systems prior to 600 C.E.
Note basic features, where applied, similarities, effects on social hierarchy, differences, role of women
- Polytheism
- Many gods.
- Judaism
- Slaves of egyptians at first. Moses and passover. Ten commandments. Gave birth to christianity. monotheistic, Dietery restrictions. Rules governing sexual practive charity, social responsibilty, concern for poor.
- Hinduism
- Synthsis of many religons traditians, Pakistan, Bangledesh, Sri Lanka, South + SE Asia. Reincarnation, Karma
- Confucianism
- CHina; Least religous spirits, heaven, lacks object of worship; ethical role; after death is not important; just ruler has madante of heaven
- Daoism
- More philosphu; mystical; they way; governed by a force; dao found in nature; poetry and spontaneous behavior
- Buddhism
- India, CHina, japan, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Korea, S=Se Asia. More of a philosphy; Rejected castse system; four noble truths: HUman existence isnseperable from suffereng. Desire cuases suffering; DON’T BE BAD
- Christianity
- Golden Rule. Middle East + ROman Empire. Non citizens, Slaves, Women, poor followed more dominant but women not degraded. “Orginal sin blamed on women (kinda)” ROman persecutiion 392 CE Christianity official in Roman Empire
Collapse of Empires - Why and how?
Han China
Peasant Revolt and fall 220 CE, Central government control diminished, corrupt beaureacreats, peasnat burdened with axes and demands of service, social unrest, epidemics
Western portion or the Roman Empire
Political ineffectiveness, spread of epiemics, difficulties in recruiting effective armies, tax collection difficult, weak emperors, disputes over succession, growing intenational trade brought disease, cultureal life decayed, no interest in luxurier collapsed in 476
Gupta
Fell to Huns in 535 CE, invasions, ability of empereors to control local princes declines
Movements of Peoples/ Migrations
Huns
Moved through Asia taking over Asian/CHinese classsical civilizations. Contributed to fall of China/India/Rome
Germanic tribes(Vikings)
Harrassed by the Huns. Caused the fall of the Roman Empire
Locate interregional trade and religious networks
Silk Road: China <-> india <-> Rome
Christianity -> ME_>Europe-> Africa
Islam->Me->Africa
Buddhism->India->China
Major Comparisons – Know, Understand, be able to Explain
- Compare major religions and philosophical systems including similarities in affects on social hierarchy
- Compare the role of women in different belief systems- Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism
- Understand why and how the collapse of empire was more severe in the Mediterranean than in China
- Compare the caste system with other systems of social inequality
- Compare society and culture of civilizations with pastoral and nomadic societies
- Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations- India, China, Rome, Greece
- Describe the interregional trading systems
- Compare the political and social structures of two early civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, Shang, Mesoamerica and Andean South America
Period 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450
Periodization
Why 600?
Collapse of Roman Empire, end of mediterranean unity, decline of classical empires in Asia
Why 1450?
Invasions from central Asia, beginning of western Europe’s explorations, Mongol Invasions, collapse of Arab caliphate and byzantine, decline of Islamic imperial system
Continuities & breaks with the period
expanding influence of Arabs and Islam; Spread of civilization to additional regions of the world; widespread shift in basic belief system from Polytheism to several great world religons; development of world network
Islamic World
Geography and stages of expansion
Spread across sub saharan Africa, ME. N Africa, W CHina INdia spread by Arabs, Arab commitee spread across the Indian Ocean to hit western Pacific, Doen the east coast of Africa, and across the Sahara
Impact on the Sudanese kingdoms
Reinforced indigenous ideas of kingshop, supported Islam by building Mosques attending public prayers and supporting preaches, ruling families used islamic titles, Islam fused with traditions and beliefs, freedom of women, slavery
Impact on East Africa
Compromise between indigenous ways and the new faith, promoted long distance commerce, facilitated religous bond of trust and law that faclitated trade througout ports of the Indian Ocean, built mosques and palaces, majority of population kept previous beliefs and culture, family lineage traces through material and paternal line
Impact in India/ SE Asia
fighting between Hindu And Muslim Lords, peaceful converts, other reliogns had to pay special taxes, most local officials and notables retained postition, Arabs lived in cities or special Garrison towns, remained Hinduy and Buddhist, Women married off earlier,widows burned, traded with Muslim merchants, in SE Asia women had stringer roles
Islamic political structures (caliphate)
Caliph: Succession to prohphet, no seperate political and religous authority egalitarian, highly developed legal code
Impact on arts, sciences, technologies
No human depiction, correction to algebraic and geometric theories of the Greece, great advances in trignometry, best hospitals, astronomical instruments, improved devices such as the the astrolabe and armilary sphere, reorganized constellation introduced basic machines and techniques, bets maps, creation of objective experiment and classifying aminlas vegetables, and minerals
Interregional networks and contacts-Development, shift, technology and cultural exchange
Trans-Sahara trade
Resulted mainly from Arab commerce and Muslims traders. Also from Indian merchants, chinese exchange with other parts of Asia. Mostly used for African merchants. Civilizations diffused ideas, redifined boundaries, knowledge of paper from china discovered.
Indian Ocean trade
Stretvhed from east asia to south china, expanded dramaticall, europeans bought goods from Asia, spread of disease increased as well (black death), invention of compass: sail accelerated ocean trade
Silk routes
Chinese trade with everyone else, paper production made common through these routes, explosive powder brought to Muslim armies, fighting on chinese border, linked Europe to Asia, Ran from Asia to mesopotomia in the Last Millenium pastoral nomads critical in expanding trade
Missionary outreach
Led by christian churches, buddhist Monks/Monastaries, and muslim church officials, missionaries helped countries(russia) choose an official religion(like christianity), muslim converts not seen as equal to Arab converts, Islamic missionaries outreached greatly influence Asia, SUH Muslims mainly spreaded Islam peacefully across ASia while tolerating other beliefs
Contacts between major religions
Some religions (buddhism) were changed to fit ideas of a country, like China, Until spread of Christianity in 10th Century. No world religions
Spread of Christianity
Russia moved towards Christianity because of Byzatnitine influence and missionaries, Christianity brought europeans together under church power
Spread of Islam
Into India from ME; Founded in Mecca by Mohammed. Spread from Arabian Peninsula, became major world religion until 16th century. Muslim empire ranged from Spain to Asia(persia, Greece, Egypt) SPread to tribal kingdoms of N Africa because of Muslim Traders, wandering mystics, warrirors and sufi missionaries
Impact of the Mongol empires
central Asian nomads, destroyed Turkish-Persian kingdoms, captured Baghda in 1258. Killed last abbassid caliph, created Mongol empire in China for sometime, continued by Genghis Khan, mongol assault on Islamic empire in China, which carried on for sometime (Genghis Khan) but ended when defeated by Mameluks(Turkish slaves), Baghdad never recovered from Mongol attacks
China’s internal and external expansion
Tang and Song economic revolution
Tang dynasty(618-906) was very strong, song invented gunpowder as well as compass, tributary systemd payed by land, taken over by, port of Canton was one of the world’s busiets trading centers. song had steady population growth and urbanization
early Ming initiatives
Zhu Yuanzhang (emperor in 1368) and song yongale (1403-1424) repaired damage done to the country in thte 1300s; drove away mongol warlord, very striog navy and army. Zheng he expanded the trade and influenced exponentialy
Chinese influence Korea, Japan, Vietnam
Tang dynasty influenced korea as in expanded. Chan was a new form of buddhism that emerged in China; Ming formed alliances with Vietnam and Korea
Developments in Europe
Restructuring economic, political, and social institutions
Known as Middle Ages; 500-900 CE Europe suffered; Manoriaism; Charlemagne established empires in France/Germany and restored church based education and intellectually activity grew; Regional monarchies emerged; agricultural tips from east improved economy population growth; feudalism; banking introduce
Division of Christianity into eastern and western
Diocletan (emperor from 284-305) made second capital to try to control the empire more constantinople, also christianity spread quickly this way; Because the empire was so massive attempts to regulate the economy reduced economic initiative and slowed production; ultimately tax revenues declined, army deterioted, peasant revolts. Germanic invaders deisplaced last roman emperor in 476 CE
The Americas - social, political, economic, cultural patterns
Maya
Emerged arounf 250 CE in present day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize and southern MExico, city states @ peak, Mayan population was 3 million; Polytheistic including human sacrifice (partially taken from Olmecs); Invented intricate heiroglyphs. (Mayan Calendar)
Inca
1300-1536; Expanded territory to 3000 miles (Chile-Ecuador) & Pacifc to upper Amazon; 1300 miles of roads fro trsnport and communication capital = cuzco with Fortress manchu pichu; River was the Great Inca, direct eue contact was punishable by death, said to be dedcended by the Sun Gods. Spanish Conquest ended Inca Civilization
Aztec
1300-1520; Tenochitlan was main city and center of empire with big population. 1300 conquered over 125000 sq miles and ruled over 10 million people; More war-like than the toltecs before them; Polytheist, most important was the Sun God whom they sacrificed over 20000 people a year. Axtecs remained in control until Spanish Conquest
Demographic and environmental changes - Migrations and impact
Aztecs
Most massice of Latin American civilizations (area + pop) Migrations all occurred from center point of Teutihuanian; completely wiped out w/ coming of spanish conquest
Mongols
Conquests egan in 1211; siezed Beijing, Silk trading center at samarkan, present day Mongolia, central asia, N+W china, large armies, miltiary technologies, etc; Second conquest gained More of china, Korea, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romaina, Hungary, Failes to conquer Germany Poland
Turks
Seluk in 11th Century; captured Baghdad in 1055; took most of Asia Minor, syria, Lebanon and palestine; crippled Byzatine, turkish victories helped prompt European christians to begin 1095 crusades; ottoman 1300s and 1400 hegemony over ME; Young Turks decisive role in ending the sultans rule; changed ottoman into Modern turkish states
Vikings
Important factor that helped development of earky mediveal european nations; one of the few who could navigate open Ocean -> traveled far and wide; raided and conquered land thorughout the coast of Europe( Far south as Mediterrean, colonized ireland and greenland) Trade routes through Scandinavia to Byzantium through Russia
Arabs
Spread Islam and technologies; Opened Africa to the rest of the World
Bantu
1000 BCE began migrating throughout Africa, Biggest role in Shaping the regions cultural ethinc and linguistic character; Spread knowledge of agriculture and iron working to east and south africa; transformed low populated areas into densely populated areas
Europeans to east/central Europe
expansions of empire (Byzantine and roman) more land=more power; roman empire collapsed because of too much expansion
Consequences of plagues in 14th century
⅓ of world of population wiped out; mass chaos; jews blames scientific discoveries
Growth and role of cities
helped urbanize and industralize; Major migration; Diseases poverty
Major Comparisons – Know, Understand, be able to Explain
- European and Japanese Feudalism
- political/social institutions in Eastern and Western Europe
- Analyze role and function of cities
- Islam and Christianity
- Analyze gender systems and changes (impact of Islam)
- Aztec and Incan empires
- European contacts and sub-Saharan contacts with Islamic world
- nomadic invasion and effects
Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750
PERIODIZATION
Significance of 1450:
European countries began new explorations and new colonization efforts; formation of ottoman empire; Mughal and Ming empires emergence of Russia
Prince Henry of Navigator
Prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along africa coast
Christopher Columbus
Service of castile and argon; successfully sailed to “newworld” in 1942
Vasco da Gama
first reached india in 1497; established early porteguese dominace in Indian Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan
Initiated first circumnavigation of the Gloe in 1519; died on voyage; allowed spain to claim phillipines
James Cook
made voyages to hawaii from 1777 to 1779 recruiting to opening of islands to the west
1453- Fall of byzatine Empire/ Ottoman succesful siege of Constantinople
Significance of 1750: Forces that produced Europes industrial revolution began to take shape (rapid Pop growth) Expansion of manufacturing and surge of new inventions ; seven years war; first global
Continuities and Breaks:
Ex. Reformation
power away from Rome, Christianity divided, Martin Luther + 95 theses
Ex. Neo-Confucianism
Revival of confuciasm in tang dynasty, new academics, impressive libraries established, new schools of philopsophy, ling texts were found and recover
Causes of Changes from the Previous Period:
development of world religions, balance of power among major civilizations shifted, growth of commerce
Causes of Changes within this period
development of world religions, balance of power among major cvilization shifted, growth of commerce
CHANGE
Global interactions
balance of power among many civilizations shifted; Europe became most dynamic force worldwide contacts between civilization intesified-internation trade affected diverse societies- speed and range of sailing. America brought into contact with other cultures for the first time
Trade (Triangular Trade, the Middle Passage, Indian ocean trade network)
Triangular: Slaves to Americas, Sugar, Tobacco, etc. to Europe; European goods to Africa begin Again
Middle Passage: Deadly slave trade (over 113 mil died) Did not strip culture of the Slaves; they retained language beliefs
Indian Ocean: Handicraft manufacture; Arab and chinese and Indian Zones; India-Cotton textiles; China-Paper; porcelain, Silk’ Japan+SE Asia-Raw Materials(Spices) goes to ME and Africa
Technology
West Europe learned of the compass, trangular sail and guns form China; Printing press; faster ships
KNOWLEDGE OF MAJOR EMPIRES AND OTHER POLITICAL UNITS AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS (include gender roles), Europe (include absolutism)
Portugal
expanded to varuous parts of the world for colonization; feudalistic
Spain
Philip II son of charles failed to conquer england in 1588; But under Philip II so was the most powerful in Europe; benefited from colonial exploaration of Americas
Russia
Ivan III(threw off mongol rule + united Ruddia under Moscow government) Ivan IV “terrible” extreme violnce to control the noble class; peter the great
France
Louis XI (conquered Burgundy); Henry IV (Ended France’s religious wars and granted protestants the right to worship)
England
Henry VIII (FOunder of Anglican church and booster of English Naval Power) ELizabeth I made anglicanism offical church, encoraged exploration, repelled Spanish Armada in 1588, supported Renaissance figures like shakespeare
Middle East
Ottoman
Absolute monarch(sultan); distant from their subjects; vague principles of succession
India
Mughal
Women had many rights and a high position; architecture (blend of persian/ Hindu traditions) Fine arts; are very important
East Asia
Tokugawa Japan
Politically organized into a feudalistic hiearchy emperor -> shogun -> Diamyo -> sumori; power based on military; lasted until 1867; ban at western culture including books and christianity
Ming China
Most agressive; mightiest indians, conquered citizens must pay tribute to overlord and city-states; part of triple alliance; militant motivated by religous zeal, subject peoples forced to do service for lords
New World
Aztec
Most agressive; mightiest indians canquered citizens must pay tribute to overlord and city-states; part of triple-alliance; militant motivated by religous zeal, subject peopole forced to do service for lords
Inca
Subject peoples assimilated into culture; split inheritance; made expansion constantly necessary; city-states and tribute; highly centralized, integrated many various ethnic orders
Africa (know one of the following)
Congo, Benin, Oyo, Songhay
Formed on lower congo river, flourished by late 18th century; firm agricultural base; people developed skills of weaving, pottery, wood, iron; sharp labor division between men and women; played into gender notes; small family based villages; hereditary kingships, non-heriditary cheifs; confederation of small states under king; divided into eight major provinces.
SLAVE SYSTEMS AND SLAVE TRADE
The Middle Passage = slave trade, see middle passage for more information; slaves were brought mainly to work on plantations for sugar, rice, cotton, and tobacco production; slaves wed in mine systems in Brazil and Mexico; Come middle of the 17 century, black; outnumbered the number of spanish colonists in South America and Latin America. In short, there was pretty much no task that slaves did not perform, although most of them were agricultural workers; slaves also traded in the triangular trade system which went from europe to africa to america to europe and so on
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIORMENTAL CHANGES
Diseases, animals, new crops and comparative population trends
Populations increased worldwide as did the introduction of animals and crops and diseases to different parts of the world. Native American got horses from Spain. The Spanish, in turn learned how to grow corn and other crops from the Indians, Also, the Indians wre introduced to new european diseases that killed a lot of the Indian Population off.
CULTURAL AND INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS
Scientific Revolution
1600-1700s revitalized ancient concept of the scientific methos. Gailileo confirmed and popularized copernicus theory of stuff ran a foul from catholic church, states of matter, light consists of wave particles, living creatures made of cells, vaccum, science of statistics, instruments, Issac Newton, laws of motion, calculus, gravity, principles = most important math work
Enlightenment
Intelectual movement centered in France durign the 18th Century; featuring scientific advances. also applying scientific methods to study or human society, belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
Neo-Confucianism (Tokugawa Japan/ Ming / Qing China)
Spain:Gain among ruling elite at expense of Buddhism, taught in schools, ideology, revival of indigenous culture emphasis on history
Ming: very influential, proposed draconian measures to surpress challenges to the increasingly rigid social roles, always follow teacher orders which could be punishable by death, women driven to underground activities, need for competent government and administrators
Changes and continuities in Confucianism
forced western influence in China; Neo-Confucianism wanted to go back to teh way things were done in ancient times rather than to wester nice; always based on ethical codes; neoconfuciansim brought into schools
Major developments and exchanges in the arts
Mughal
Taj Mahal; fusion of islamic and hindu styles; emperor abur wrote a history of India; expanded painting workshops; audience hall
Renaissance
humanism: interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individual urbanization; arts and letter secularized; many famous rennaisance guys; nija turtle people and shakespeare all that good stuff
DIVERSE INTERPRETATIONS
What are the debates about the timing and extent of European predominance in the world economy?
Disadvantages: Ignorant of wider world, viking adventures from Slandivavia had crossed the Atlantic reaching Greenland and North America, believed Earth was flat
Problems: fear of the strength of emerging Ottoman EMpire, Lack of gold to pay for Asian Imports
How does the world economic system of this period compare with the world economic network of the previous period?
New naval tech. Intesifies network, European instead of Muslims dominated trade, AMericas included in GLobal exchanges for the first time
MAJOR COMPARISONS
Imperial systems
The largest and most widespread set of colonial possesions was Britaons; The British are the most enlighted approach, took colonies by force, exploited them economically, racial superiority, intefered little with local customs; French “mission civilsatire” introducing consistent than British; Belgians and Porteguese known to be esp. harsh and cruel in Afric. Germany + Italy also brutal, later used poison gas in conquering parts of north africa
coercive labor systems
a system where the workers were forced to work based on threats, pressure, or intimidation.This was used to make them work.
Comparative knowledge of empire
Mughal made in 1520s when invaders from the north destroyed the Delhi sultanate, survived into mid 1700s. Ottoman- Grandest and most nfluential of the Islamic States, Longest lasting, sovereign was teh sultan, mighty conquest state; safavid- lacked ports and no navy. Roman- First emperor was Octavian. Big split east and west. Byzantine- Eastern roman empire after west fell, capital at constantinople,, glorious center of arts and culture. Preserver christianity in E. Europe and the middle east
Russia’s interaction with the West and the interaction of one of the following:
Ottoman Empire, China, Tokugawa Japan, Mughal India)
West didn’t want to copy the west but they wanted to incorporate some of the successful western ideas into Russian Culture; most east europe abolished serfdom in exampe of Russia’s Movement 1848; Russia was more agricultural longer
China- Silk roads after 1905 Russia became actively involved in China; development of trans-siberian railroad encouraged Russia to incorporate some Northern portions of ManChuva; Obtained long-term leases of Chinese territtories in 1890s with west
Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900
PERIODIZATION Why 1750? Why 1900?
1750- rise of western domination and industraliaztion
1914- Beginnign of WWI
Causes of change from the previous period:
1750-1914, the world entered the Modern age. This was led by the western mations, in politics, there is a change from traditional monarchy to better means of political representation in econmics, mechanization and industralization became for ces. In society, social classes blend together more and old aristocracies gradually fade away. In a culture, a scientifc, more secular becomes more dominant, in arts and letters, styles changes more rapidly and radically than ever before
Causes of change within the period:
During the 1750-1914 period, the world entered the modern age. It was led by the western nations, Industralization, urbanization, and a new working class
CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE, COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
The industrial revolution was going on during this time after the success of the steam engine and the mining and textile industries. Steamships (1807) and railroads (1820s) contributed to technology, transportation, and communication. Massive population growth and urbanization all over the world. Child Labor was common. telegram sped up communication, Interchangable parts invented by Eli Whitney and Samuel colt. Women in eperate workplace. Women somewhat seperated from Men in the Workplace. World Trade rapidly increased with steamships and industralization. The world basically connected a whole lot more and was able to interact freely with other countries
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: 1750
Causes in Great Britain
Started w/ steam engine in 1780, created factory working for workers; started as textile factories in Britain
Compare causes and early phases of the industrial revolution in Western Europe & Japan:
SIMILARITIES:
Reforms similar; railroads; taxes increased; urbanization; emerging working class
DIFFERENCES:
had to catch up with industralization, Japan was later; western has autonomy;; reforms came later
Meiji Restoration, 1868
New emperor called meji: the enlighted ore samurai leaders took down government; shocking enough to allow changes in japan political structure; abolished feudalism and samurai (not the actual people)
Industrial Revolution: Differential timing in different societies:
China a Japan were more isolated therfore it came later; britain awas first because it was integrated into the world economy
Mutual relationship of industrialization and scientific developments:
Steam Engine (Jame Watt) started industralization; interchangable parts; factories (textile 1780) electricity, inform of a telegraph. 1837 brought communication; indoor plumbing, canned foos, sewing machine, urban sewage systems, medical advances (vaccination, germ theory, antisepsis, maintaining, clean environment) Chemical industries took off during late 1800s; internal combustion engine-> automobiles
Commonalities
decrease in living conditions; urbanization; more women in the workplace; emerging working class
DEMOGRAPHIC AND ENVIORMENTAL CHANGES
Migrations:
More people living in Urban Areas bc of Job availability; New ones had to be made
End of the Atlantic slave trade:
Change in 1800 in Africa, gradual ending of the Atlantic Slave trade; Its demise resulted from economic and the fact that it was becoming too expensive to obtain slaves, western countries began to abolish slavery
New birthrate patterns:
More people living bc of greate agricultural effciency and medical advances; more babies ;)
Changes in food supply:
More urbanization led to over population and lack of food; after black plague plenty of food decrease in amt of farmlands because taken over by Mining areas
CHANGES IN SOCIAL AND GENDER STRUCTURE
Industrial Revolution:
population growth, class diversification, urbanization; happened at same time as american and french revolution; traditional aristocracy wealth was diminished, middle class benefitted: gave birth to working class; laws and measured gave relief to working class; spread of ideas
Commercial and demographic development:
Price inflation started it (massive import of gold and silver) ; colonial markets stimulated manufacturing; witchcraft persecution; agricultural speciality area prosperity increased even for ordinary people; created proletariat (people without access to wealth-providing prosperity increased) Population growth and rising food prices; peasant outrage for protection against poverty
Emancipation of serfs/slaves:
Alexander II emanipated serfs in 1861 wanted change after crimean war would improve mobile labor force and industralization 1789- west europe abolished slavery
Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender:
women were suppossed to be housewives; in stone age. Women = gathered, maintain home, tended children, men = hunted, made war, heavy labor: woman’s sufferage in WWI 1917-1920 = women gain vote in most western nations; Aftr WWI, WOmen Labor decreased-men considered it “wrong” for women to work when men could Marxist: gender equality soviets: gender equality with inperfections: italy, Germany, and Japan
POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS
United States:
Rebellion of English American Colonies along Atlantic seaboard 1775 and 1783 resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA; caused by unfair taxation (stamp act 1678) significant aid from french government; new constitutional structure (1789) based on Enlightenment principles
France: 1789/ know Jacobins
Most clearly set in motion the political restructuring of western Europe; 1789 and 1800 resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of french empire under napolean Bonaparte; SOurce of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe; Leader of radical phase was maximillen robespierre; guillotuine invented; persecution king of 1792; Civic religion: cult of supreme being
Haiti:
Slave rebellion led by Toussaint l overture result of teh French Revolution gained independence in 1804
Mexico 1911
Diaz is esentially abdicator; Madero tried to promte reforms but Diaz stopped promotion started by corrupt political system and failing economy
China 1911
Chenese resistance to chinese reliance of western power; cast emeperor of china. Confu. system last importance
Latin America: Similarities and differences
Similarities - All wanted econ growth. equality and poltical stability, none were actually able to acheive this goal
Difference- Mexico and cuba were successful and were examples to rest of latin America
Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present
Rise of nationalism, nation-states, and movements of political reform
Rise of democracy and its limitations: reform, women, racism
Western imperialism lead to increase in nationalism in colonies and colonizers leading to revolution; enlightment ideas an increasing nationalism led to the rise of democracy women gain power when industrailzation; racism increases
Overlaps between nations and empires
nations fought over the Land vs the cultural anchors
RISE OF WESTERN DOMINANCE
Economic:
Opium wars - China’s balance of trade reversed neocoloniailism; trade: West greater than China
Social: We influnece theh dealings with other countries
Cultural & Artistic: We steal culture lolz
Patterns of Expansion: Imperialism and Colonialism / SCRAMBLE for AFRICA
Causes/motives/ Examples
Most intense example of european imperialism. Atlantic slave trade ended capletely in 1888 allowing Africa to become more suceptable to eurpoean imperialism. Until about 1910 all of Europe fought over who got what chinck of Africa. The berlin confrence by otto von Biskamrk kept peace for a short while but competition sparked the Boer war. African tribes all fell to european rule and conquest. By 1914 only two free nations remaineed in Africa: Liberia and Ethiopia which arm ed itself and drove off the italian before they conqured it.
Cultural and Political reactions to imperialism and colonialism
Imperialism - During the scramvle for Africa, in European politics the Berlin Conference occured to try and keep the peace. Which failed. The African tribes all felt very hopeless and they knew that this eurpean imperialism speeled disaster for them. Imperialism was bad for everyone becuase it caused wars and oppression many peoples who could not fight back to fight off those who were trying to conquer them. Japan resisted western imperialism.
Colonialism - Basically ended at this time: after the scramble for Africa. Nations developed on their own and began to develop their own own culture and political structures.
DEBATES:
What is the utility of modernization as a framework for interpreting events in this time period?
More industrialized, urban and modern society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional
Causes of serf and slave emancipation in this period?
Crimean war made it obvious that reforms were needed ; russia could develop a more vigourous and mobile labor and industralize id status of serfs change neither slavery nor serfdom suffered econmic needs of a society seeking independant postition is western dominated world trade
Nature of women’s roles in this period: industrialized areas v. colonial societies.
Industralized
- Wives = homemakers
Domestic sphere for women
domestic service
agricultural work
most women werent married
1800s women became desperate and worked in factories, mines, markets and farms
laws restricted
Colonial Societies
women of lower and middle class worked with men on farms or in family buisness
mother hood and homemaking not full time pursuits
COMPARISONS
Causes and early phases of the industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan
Europe-causes rapid population growth, expansion of manufacturing, surge of new inventions , intellectual ferment running high, enlightment thinkers challenge regimes which didnt grant religous freedom, free thinkers
Japan- Private enterprise new army, new government, banks funded growing trade and produced capital for industry, state built railroads spread, new methods raised agricultural output, growing cities, govt. initiative.
Compare two of the following Haitian, American, French, Mexican, or Chinese Revolution
American DIO taxation without rep.
led by upper class
1765 war for independence
former colony becomes soverign nation
Both
Taxation caused both
Declasration of rights
Inspired by enlightenment
French
Social revolution
reight of terror
Insuffciet taxation
led by middle class
Declaration of rights
Compare reaction to foreign domination in : the Ottoman Empire, China, India, and Japan
ottoman-Tanzimat reforms 1839-1876 university education; reformed to matchwest training in the european sciences and math
China was at apex of pwer for long period of time high intak eof silver British used opium to weaken chinese opiu war last war britain,
India-Battle of Plassey in 1757 screwed india for britain, regional fought british but fialed due to Musunity soo became major part of britain
Japan-After WWII military leaders presides over Japan to help rebuild Japan from destruction form the war
Compare forms of western intervention in Latin America and in Africa
Latin America
Britain supportes LA independence + provided needed protection Britain provided needed protection. Briatain profited by protecting new nations; britain becomes major consumer of LA goods. Britain repaces spain as a dominatn economic force
Africa
Lots of colonization by western nations little care for pre-existing borders attempts at helping in industralization
Compare conditions of women in the upper/middle classes with peasantry/working class in Western Europe
Upper middle
Consumer products such as sewing machines richy
Peasantry more opputunity to work than those in middle and upper classes
Comparative Nationalism: China and Japan, Cuba and the Philippines, Egypt and Nigeria
China-Nationalist Communist Alliance (1927) Japanese
IDK you do this one
