WhapTk official endorsements
President- Bailey Cathcart
Vice President- Thanvi Thodati
Parliamentarian- Erin Hudgins
Treasurer- Aksha Bagepally
Secretary- Ammar Abed
Historian- Naren Gundapaneni
At-Large- Kevin Lam
Communications Officer- Alec Kennison
President- Bailey Cathcart
Vice President- Thanvi Thodati
Parliamentarian- Erin Hudgins
Treasurer- Aksha Bagepally
Secretary- Ammar Abed
Historian- Naren Gundapaneni
At-Large- Kevin Lam
Communications Officer- Alec Kennison
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1923-1938 - Ataturk modernizes Turkey
1947 - Independence of India/Pakistan
1948 - Establishment of Israel
1959 - Cuban Revolution
1967 - Six-day War
1973 - OPEC oil embargo
1979 - Iranian Revolution
1994 - End of apartheid in South Africa
2011 - Arab Spring in Egypt
1941 - Independence of African countries
Indian National Congress - A broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it dominated the independence movement in the 1930s under Mahatma Gandhi, and has been the principal party in government since 1947.
Mahatma Gandhi - Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as 'Mahatma' (meaning 'Great Soul') was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in North West India, on 2nd October 1869, into a Hindu Modh family.
Muslim League - One of the main political parties in Pakistan. It was formed in 1906 in India to represent the rights of Indian Muslims; its demands from 1940 for an independent Muslim state led ultimately to the establishment of Pakistan.
African National Congress - 1914-Present : South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994
Nelson Mandela - South African nationalist (b. 1918) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty - seven years on charges of treason, sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison
Decolonization - Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation
Globalization of democracy - The globalization of democracy.. So spreading democracy ideals throughout the world duh
Ataturk - Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881 - 1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state
Ayatollah R. Khomeini - Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989
1947 - Independence of India/Pakistan
1948 - Establishment of Israel
1959 - Cuban Revolution
1967 - Six-day War
1973 - OPEC oil embargo
1979 - Iranian Revolution
1994 - End of apartheid in South Africa
2011 - Arab Spring in Egypt
1941 - Independence of African countries
Indian National Congress - A broad-based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it dominated the independence movement in the 1930s under Mahatma Gandhi, and has been the principal party in government since 1947.
Mahatma Gandhi - Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as 'Mahatma' (meaning 'Great Soul') was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in North West India, on 2nd October 1869, into a Hindu Modh family.
Muslim League - One of the main political parties in Pakistan. It was formed in 1906 in India to represent the rights of Indian Muslims; its demands from 1940 for an independent Muslim state led ultimately to the establishment of Pakistan.
African National Congress - 1914-Present : South African political party established in 1912 by elite Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in 1994
Nelson Mandela - South African nationalist (b. 1918) and leader of the African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty - seven years on charges of treason, sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years after he was finally released from prison
Decolonization - Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation
Globalization of democracy - The globalization of democracy.. So spreading democracy ideals throughout the world duh
Ataturk - Founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1881 - 1938); as military commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a secular state
Ayatollah R. Khomeini - Important Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the leader of Iran's Islamic revolution and ruled Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989
I. Toward Freedom: Struggles for Independence
A. The End of Empire in World History
1. The new forces of nationalism, national self-determination, and the nation-state
2. Suddenly empires became illegitimate
B. Explaining African and Asian Independence
1. Contradictions of the colonial empires
2. A new international climate after WWII
3. New elites challenge colonial rule
II. Comparing Freedom Struggles
A. The Case of India: Ending British Rule
1. What is “Indian?”
2. Indian National Congress, 1885
3. Impact of WWI
4. Mohandas Gandhi’s satyagraha
5. All-India Muslim League, 1906
6. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Pakistan
7. Partition, 1947
B. The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
1. Independence but white minority rule, 1910
2. British and Boers/Afrikaners
3. A mature industrial economy using low-paid black labor
4. Pass Laws and Bantustans
5. African National Congress, 1912
7. CCP triumphant in 1949
6. National Party’s Apartheid, 1948
7. Nelson Mandela
8. A turn toward armed struggle in the 1960s
9. International pressure
10. 1994 elections
11. Continued violence
III. Experiments with Freedom
A. Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of Democracy
1. Democracy in India but not so much elsewhere
2. Economic failure and ethnic conflict in Africa
3. Army rule pushes aside weak civilian party politics
4. Leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
5. Allende, the CIA, and Pinochet in Chile
6. Transitions to democracy from the 1980s on
B. Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes
1. Overcoming poverty
2. Obstacles for the Global South
3. Disagreements in the field of “development economics”
4. Role of the state
5. Participation in the world market
6. Very uneven results in the Global South
C. Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
1. Cultures of tradition and cultures of modernity
2. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Modern, secular, and nationalist
3. Politics of Islam, dress, and gender
4. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s secular modernization
5. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini’s Islamic republic
6. Cultural revolution in favor of tradition
IV. Reflections: History in the Middle of the Stream
A. Historians don’t like unfinished stories
B. Discomfort with the future
C. Shared human ignorance
A. The End of Empire in World History
1. The new forces of nationalism, national self-determination, and the nation-state
2. Suddenly empires became illegitimate
B. Explaining African and Asian Independence
1. Contradictions of the colonial empires
2. A new international climate after WWII
3. New elites challenge colonial rule
II. Comparing Freedom Struggles
A. The Case of India: Ending British Rule
1. What is “Indian?”
2. Indian National Congress, 1885
3. Impact of WWI
4. Mohandas Gandhi’s satyagraha
5. All-India Muslim League, 1906
6. Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Pakistan
7. Partition, 1947
B. The Case of South Africa: Ending Apartheid
1. Independence but white minority rule, 1910
2. British and Boers/Afrikaners
3. A mature industrial economy using low-paid black labor
4. Pass Laws and Bantustans
5. African National Congress, 1912
7. CCP triumphant in 1949
6. National Party’s Apartheid, 1948
7. Nelson Mandela
8. A turn toward armed struggle in the 1960s
9. International pressure
10. 1994 elections
11. Continued violence
III. Experiments with Freedom
A. Experiments in Political Order: Party, Army, and the Fate of Democracy
1. Democracy in India but not so much elsewhere
2. Economic failure and ethnic conflict in Africa
3. Army rule pushes aside weak civilian party politics
4. Leftist politics and military coups in Latin America
5. Allende, the CIA, and Pinochet in Chile
6. Transitions to democracy from the 1980s on
B. Experiments in Economic Development: Changing Priorities, Varying Outcomes
1. Overcoming poverty
2. Obstacles for the Global South
3. Disagreements in the field of “development economics”
4. Role of the state
5. Participation in the world market
6. Very uneven results in the Global South
C. Experiments with Culture: The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran
1. Cultures of tradition and cultures of modernity
2. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: Modern, secular, and nationalist
3. Politics of Islam, dress, and gender
4. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s secular modernization
5. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini’s Islamic republic
6. Cultural revolution in favor of tradition
IV. Reflections: History in the Middle of the Stream
A. Historians don’t like unfinished stories
B. Discomfort with the future
C. Shared human ignorance