1453 - Ottoman Conquest of Constantinople
1480 - Russia Emerges from Mongol Rule
1519-1521 - Spanish Conquest of Aztec Empire
1526 - Mughal Empire established in India
1529 - Ottoman siege of Vienna
1532-1540 - Spanish conquest of Inca Empire
1550 - Russian Expansion across Siberia begins
1607 - First Permanent English Settlement in the Americas
Questions: SHORTEN AT WILL
1 Describe the demographic changes in the Americas after European arrival and describe the demographic changes in Europe and other “Old World” areas as a result of the Columbian Exchange.
Basically? Simple demographic numbers tell the story of the Columbian Exchange most starkly. When Columbus sailed the ocean blue, Europe's population stood at about 60 million. Most historians now believe that the population of the Americas at the same time stood somewhere between 40 and 100 million. In other words, it is not just possible but quite likely that American Indians outnumbered Europeans outright. (At its peak just before the Spanish arrival, the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan was more populous, cleaner, and more beautiful than Paris.)
But by 1800, after three centuries of the Columbian Exchange, Europe's population had surged to 150 million, while that of the Americas' fell to 25 million—of which the vast majority were descendents of European colonists or African slaves, not American Indians.
The success of European imperialism in the Americas was underwritten by the ecological imperialism of the Columbian Exchange. The European colonists who would eventually found the settlements that would become the United States had a powerful—if accidental—ally in the environment itself.
Basically show how yes the Columbian Exchange gave each other new kinds of food, animals etc. but it also killed a lot of natives.
2 Compare/contrast the various slave systems and their social outcomes in the New World
All systems of slavery everywhere are similar in one way -- they all force certain people to work for others without pay and without really having any control over their own lives. So the systems in Europe and America were similar in that way.
But the systems in the two areas were very different in other ways. Here are two important differences:
3 What were the challenges and advantages to Russian Expansion?
This is always fun to read
Mother russia is cold… Nomadic people are hard to conquer
MONEEEEYYYY power you know
4 In what ways did the Qing dynasty reject Chinese culture/society? In what ways did they embrace it?
They did not assimilate local people and they embraces China Military ideals.
5 Describe the divisions within the Mughal Empire.
Between Muslims and Hindus (Akbar vs whoever on the def)
6 Describe the unique foundations of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkish roots, Islamic Foundations
7 How were the European Empires distinctly different from the Qing, Ottoman, Mughal, and Russian Empires?
They conquered at a much farther distance than the other empires.
1480 - Russia Emerges from Mongol Rule
1519-1521 - Spanish Conquest of Aztec Empire
1526 - Mughal Empire established in India
1529 - Ottoman siege of Vienna
1532-1540 - Spanish conquest of Inca Empire
1550 - Russian Expansion across Siberia begins
1607 - First Permanent English Settlement in the Americas
- Castas - a Spanish and Portuguese term used in 17th and 18th centuries mainly in Spanish America and Spanish Philippines to describe as a whole the mixed-race people which appeared in the post-Conquest period in the process known as mestizaje. Basically a hierarchical system of race classification created by Spanish elites (españoles) in Hispanic America during the Spanish colonial period.
- Mercantilism - the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
- Protestants - any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.
- Treaty of Nerchinsk - peace settlement between Russia and the Manchu Chinese empire that checked Russia’s eastward expansion by removing its outposts from the Amur River basin. This was the first peace treaty between China and Russia.
- Columbian Exchange - a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
- Encomienda - a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
- Peter the Great - ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death. He tried to transform Russia from a backward country to a progressive one.
- Treaty of Tordesillas - agreement between Spain and Portugalaimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.
- Akbar vs. Aurangzeg - Basically at the core: Akbar gave the rule of religious tolerance while Aurangzeb abolished it. Akbar made reforms in favor of Hindus, and he tried to bring the Hindus and Muslims together. Aurangzeg disliked Hindus, and widened the gap between Hindus and the Muslims. Click Here for more info
- Devshirme - a system that took place under the Ottoman Empire. The system of devshirme was introduced under Sultan Murad 2 in the 1420's. The sultan would collect Christian boys from the Balkans and turn them into his slaves.
Questions: SHORTEN AT WILL
1 Describe the demographic changes in the Americas after European arrival and describe the demographic changes in Europe and other “Old World” areas as a result of the Columbian Exchange.
Basically? Simple demographic numbers tell the story of the Columbian Exchange most starkly. When Columbus sailed the ocean blue, Europe's population stood at about 60 million. Most historians now believe that the population of the Americas at the same time stood somewhere between 40 and 100 million. In other words, it is not just possible but quite likely that American Indians outnumbered Europeans outright. (At its peak just before the Spanish arrival, the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitlan was more populous, cleaner, and more beautiful than Paris.)
But by 1800, after three centuries of the Columbian Exchange, Europe's population had surged to 150 million, while that of the Americas' fell to 25 million—of which the vast majority were descendents of European colonists or African slaves, not American Indians.
The success of European imperialism in the Americas was underwritten by the ecological imperialism of the Columbian Exchange. The European colonists who would eventually found the settlements that would become the United States had a powerful—if accidental—ally in the environment itself.
Basically show how yes the Columbian Exchange gave each other new kinds of food, animals etc. but it also killed a lot of natives.
2 Compare/contrast the various slave systems and their social outcomes in the New World
All systems of slavery everywhere are similar in one way -- they all force certain people to work for others without pay and without really having any control over their own lives. So the systems in Europe and America were similar in that way.
But the systems in the two areas were very different in other ways. Here are two important differences:
- Slavery in the Americas was racial whereas slavery in Europe was not. Slaves in Europe (better known as serfs) were the same race as the people who owned them. In the Americas, slavery and race were tied up with one another.
- Slaves in Europe were tied to the land while slaves in the Americas were personal property. The European serfs came along with a certain piece of land. They could not be sold to some other estate somewhere else -- they had to stay with the land. Slaves in the Americas were the personal property of their owners and could be sold or moved as the owner wished.
3 What were the challenges and advantages to Russian Expansion?
This is always fun to read
Mother russia is cold… Nomadic people are hard to conquer
MONEEEEYYYY power you know
4 In what ways did the Qing dynasty reject Chinese culture/society? In what ways did they embrace it?
They did not assimilate local people and they embraces China Military ideals.
5 Describe the divisions within the Mughal Empire.
Between Muslims and Hindus (Akbar vs whoever on the def)
6 Describe the unique foundations of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkish roots, Islamic Foundations
7 How were the European Empires distinctly different from the Qing, Ottoman, Mughal, and Russian Empires?
They conquered at a much farther distance than the other empires.
I. European Empires in the Americas
A. The European Advantage
1. Geography and winds
2. European marginality, land-hunger, and social drives
3. Organization and technology
4. Local allies
5. Germs
B. The Great Dying
1. 60–80 million people without immunities
2. Old-World diseases
3. Demographic collapse
C. The Columbian Exchange
1. People brought germs, plants, and animals
2. Corn and potatoes to Europe, Africa, and Asia
3. American tobacco and chocolate, Chinese tea, and Arab coffee
4. Silver, slaves, and sugar
5. Europe the biggest winner
II. Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
A. In the Land of the Aztecs and the Incas
1. Encomienda, repartimiento, and hacienda
2. Creoles and peninsulares: “Purity of blood”
3. Mestizo and castas
4. Indians
B. Colonies of Sugar
1. Portuguese Brazil’s monopoly (1570–1670)
2. Labor intensive and an international mass market
3. African slaves and mulattoes
C. Settler Colonies in North America
1. British get the leftovers
2. British society in transition
3. Class equality with gender inequality
4. Pure settler societies with little racial mixing
5. Protestantism and weak royal control
III. The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
A. Experiencing the Russian Empire
1. Conquest and yasak
2. Settlers put pressure on pastoralists
B. Russians and Empire
1. Russia becomes multiethnic
2. Wealth of empire
3. Peter the Great (r. 1689–1725) and the West
4. Contact with China and Islam
5. What kind of empire?
IV. Asian Empires
A. Making China an Empire
1. Qing expansion in the West (1680–1760)
2. Colonial?
3. Economic downturn in Central Asia
B. Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire
1. 20 percent Muslim
2. Akbar (r. 1556–1605)
3. Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)
4. Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
C. Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1. “The Sword of Islam”
2. Decrease in women’s autonomy yet many rights
3. New importance of Turkic people in the Islamic World
4. Balkan, Armenian, and Orthodox Christians
5. Devshirme
6. Fear and admiration in the Christian West
V. Reflections: The Centrality of Context in World History
A. Contextual thinking
B. Not all empires are equal
A. The European Advantage
1. Geography and winds
2. European marginality, land-hunger, and social drives
3. Organization and technology
4. Local allies
5. Germs
B. The Great Dying
1. 60–80 million people without immunities
2. Old-World diseases
3. Demographic collapse
C. The Columbian Exchange
1. People brought germs, plants, and animals
2. Corn and potatoes to Europe, Africa, and Asia
3. American tobacco and chocolate, Chinese tea, and Arab coffee
4. Silver, slaves, and sugar
5. Europe the biggest winner
II. Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
A. In the Land of the Aztecs and the Incas
1. Encomienda, repartimiento, and hacienda
2. Creoles and peninsulares: “Purity of blood”
3. Mestizo and castas
4. Indians
B. Colonies of Sugar
1. Portuguese Brazil’s monopoly (1570–1670)
2. Labor intensive and an international mass market
3. African slaves and mulattoes
C. Settler Colonies in North America
1. British get the leftovers
2. British society in transition
3. Class equality with gender inequality
4. Pure settler societies with little racial mixing
5. Protestantism and weak royal control
III. The Steppes and Siberia: The Making of a Russian Empire
A. Experiencing the Russian Empire
1. Conquest and yasak
2. Settlers put pressure on pastoralists
B. Russians and Empire
1. Russia becomes multiethnic
2. Wealth of empire
3. Peter the Great (r. 1689–1725) and the West
4. Contact with China and Islam
5. What kind of empire?
IV. Asian Empires
A. Making China an Empire
1. Qing expansion in the West (1680–1760)
2. Colonial?
3. Economic downturn in Central Asia
B. Muslims and Hindus in the Mughal Empire
1. 20 percent Muslim
2. Akbar (r. 1556–1605)
3. Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)
4. Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
C. Muslims and Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1. “The Sword of Islam”
2. Decrease in women’s autonomy yet many rights
3. New importance of Turkic people in the Islamic World
4. Balkan, Armenian, and Orthodox Christians
5. Devshirme
6. Fear and admiration in the Christian West
V. Reflections: The Centrality of Context in World History
A. Contextual thinking
B. Not all empires are equal